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In Table 3 , those who usually negotiated condom use vs. The Laotian police have arrest two persons in relation to the drug smuggling case.

After stratifying by size and type, we randomly selected 4—6 venues of each type per clinic site, e. All entertainers in each venue were interviewed except for large venues where individuals were randomly sampled.

In the final regression model, had complete data Prostitutes Pimentel were included in the analysis. Non-government organization interviewers surveyed sex workers in private locations at the venue or SHC using structured Prostitutes Pimentel from Prostitutes Pimentel January Interviews, conducted in Filipino, lasted approximately 60 minutes. Interviewers surveyed participants on their sociodemographics, individual sexual risk and substance use behaviors, and experiences reflective of their physical, social, economic, and policy risk environments.

Questions included age, education, number of children, marital status, income, length of employment, length of time involved in the sex trade, number of sexual contacts in a typical week, number of STIs in the past 6 months, alcohol use, and substance use frequency and type.

A item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale C-ESD was used with a cutoff of 23 used in previous substance use research to indicate higher depressive symptoms [18][19] Prostitutes Pimentel Cronbach's alpha was. Factors at Prostitutes Pimentel micro-social environment included peer and manager support using dichotomous measures previously validated in the southern Philippines [20][21] e.

Social support measured emotional, tangible, and functional support adapted from the Norbeck Social Support Scale [22][23]. Cronbach's alpha Prostitutes Pimentel all items in the scale was.

The C-ESD was also previously validated with similar high risk groups in other countries [24][25]Prostitutes Pimentel the Norbeck Social Support scale had not been widely used in FSW populations, but were tested in other high risk Prostitutes Pimentel, e.

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HIV-positive substance users [26] and female-to-male transgender men [27]. Micro-economic items, previously used by Prostitutes Pimentel and colleagues in the southern Philippines [20][21]included weekly income, price of condoms sold at the venue, and where entertainers obtained condoms. Micro-policy factors, also previously validated in Prostitutes Pimentel Philippines [20][21] included condom rule at the venue, workplace provision of condoms, frequency of HIV and STI tests, and how often entertainers carried a condom.

Originally, this item was developed by using an open-ended question in Morisky and his colleagues' study of a southern Prostitutes Pimentel population of FSWs. They found that intervention group participants identified more effective behaviors compared to a standard Prostitutes Pimentel group. The items were collapsed into a single closed ended question and tested in subsequent southern Philippines surveys [20]Prostitutes Pimentel. Statistical analyses were conducted on FSWs who traded sex over the past six months, comparing those who usually negotiated condom use with those who did not, using t-tests for continuous and Pearson's Chi-square for non-continuous variables.

Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were performed to identify factors associated with condom negotiation, considering aforementioned factors at the micro and macro-level of the risk environment. Multi-level modeling controlled for individuals nested within venues.

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As shown in Table 2median age and duration in sex work were 23 and 12 months, respectively. Three-quarters had CES-D depression scores of 23 or higher. Also, those who usually negotiated worried significantly more about getting HIV and had more perceived Prostitutes Pimentel of Prostitutes Pimentel. In Table 3those who usually negotiated condom use vs. The groups did not differ significantly on manager and peer Prostitutes Pimentel, social support, or whether venue patrons were high while having sex Table 3.

Women who usually negotiated condom use did not differ significantly with respect to condom prices at their venue or income Table 4.

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Women who usually negotiated condom use and those who did not were Prostitutes Pimentel in their frequency of taking an HIV test and venue condom policies Table 4. Similarly, studies of FSWs Prostitutes Pimentel Vietnam found that only half said clients consistently complied with their requests to use condoms [29] and successful condom use negotiation had a protective effect [30].

Substance use was also a factor contributing to not negotiating condom use among the FSWs. These findings highlight the need for macro- and micro-policy level changes, such as a stronger Prostitutes Pimentel of the Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of [31]increasing availability of condoms in venues and in the community, considering the impact of economics on an FSW's ability to negotiate condom use, and addressing Prostitutes Pimentel use among the FSWs.

Except for a few studies [32][33]the relationship between trafficking and condom use negotiation has not been studied. Women may not feel empowered to negotiate safer sex because they experienced less control over their work environments Prostitutes Pimentel[28].

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The UN defines trafficking as those forced or coerced into sex, including minors under 18 years old engaged in the sex trade [34]. Only 3 women in this study revealed being underage when Prostitutes Pimentel first traded sex, but others identified being tricked or coerced into sex work. Trafficking legislation is critical at international Prostitutes Pimentel national levels, and more importantly, local government adherence to these laws, while being sensitive to the complexities of FSWs in the entertainment industry [35].

Philippine laws support anti-trafficking prosecution, but the Philippines remains on the U. Our findings imply a need for stronger enforcement of the law Prostitutes Pimentel primary prevention of trafficking.

At the policy level, having sex without a condom because none was available was associated with not negotiating condoms. Other studies have found that having access to condoms was associated with safer sex practices among women who worked in bars in Tijuana, Mexico [37] and decreased unprotected sex among bathhouse patrons in Taiwan [38].

Studies underscore the importance of a supportive social environment for FSWs in China and India, Prostitutes Pimentel as a venue's condom availability, managerial support of condom availability, and clinic visitations [39][40]. We therefore recommend policies requiring sex work venues in the Philippines to make condoms available to their workers.

Likewise, efforts must be exerted to engage the Catholic Church to be more realistic and flexible in its stance on the use of artificial contraceptives, including condoms, similar to actions taken by civil society groups in the campaign to have the Reproductive Health Bill passed into Philippine law [42]. The church's interference of HIV prevention efforts continues Prostitutes Pimentel be a center Prostitutes Pimentel debate in the Philippines and other settings, despite the Vatican Pope's more recent approval of condom use to fight AIDS [43].

The fact that the women had sex without a condom to make more money illustrates continued Prostitutes Pimentel environment risks that impact condom negotiation. Likewise, sex workers in other countries like India and Mexico feared losing income if they negotiated Prostitutes Pimentel[4]. Making condoms free, not just available, may help in situations where condoms are already difficult to negotiate Prostitutes Pimentel to economic pressures.

DKT International, a non-government organization has sold condoms in the country at 5 Pesos through its social marketing Prostitutes Pimentel, compared to the average cost sold at the venue of 33 Pesos [44].

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Also, developing options such as involving FSWs in community participatory research methods and grant-writing may lead to additional income. Besides the cost of condoms, condom availability, and income differences, other factors may influence the women's decisions to have sex without a condom to make more money and needs further study.

FSW's substance use in this study also negatively impacted their condom negotiations with venue patrons, more than other individual factors i. Other studies have documented Prostitutes Pimentel association Prostitutes Pimentel substance use and condom negotiation among FSWs [45][46].

This has implications for interventions around crystal methamphetamine use, the drug of choice used most among FSWs. More research is critical to determine how to intervene with substance using Prostitutes Pimentel. Other hypotheses involving certain micro-social variables e. For example, venue patrons under the influence of drugs while having sex, frequency of intoxication while having sex with venue patrons, drinking with venue patrons, having sex with an injecting drug user, and peer support were not significantly associated with condom negotiation in the Prostitutes Pimentel model.

Findings indicate that physical, economic, and policy environmental factors may influence condom negotiation more than peer interaction, manager support, and sexual partner characteristics. However, in the binary and multivariate analyses, most social and structural factors were not significantly associated with condom negotiation.

For example, factors such as peer support and manager contact were associated with consistent condom use in another analysis [12]Prostitutes Pimentel these factors did not emerge Prostitutes Pimentel condom negotiation. Training peers and managers on condom negotiation skill-building may be necessary, as in Hong Kong where manager pressure had a negative effect on FSWs' condom self-efficacy [6].

However, FSWs at highest risk should be targeted: those ever trafficked, substance using, and those who work in environments where condoms are not available or where there is greater pressure to make money without condoms, as these barriers appear to have a greater association with not negotiating condom use than other factors, e.

This study is limited by its cross-sectional design which Prostitutes Pimentel infer causal relationships. Measures were entirely based on self-report, posing another potential limitation. Sex workers may have under-reported their Prostitutes Pimentel policy's influence Prostitutes Pimentel condom use due to the laws against prostitution.

The measures of substance use were relatively non-specific and may have led to under-reporting. Further qualitative inquiry might capture other nuances of condom negotiation beyond what the FSW might do if a venue patron refused to use condoms. For example, in Singapore, FSWs initiated condom use, but highly educated clients were more difficult to persuade to use condoms than lower educated clients [2]. Familiarity with clients also posed barriers to condom negotiation in another FSW study conducted in China [48].

The associations between venue patron types Prostitutes Pimentel FSW condom Prostitutes Pimentel may warrant further attention. These findings have salient Prostitutes Pimentel for structural interventions that are Prostitutes Pimentel to interrupt HIV transmission behaviors among FSWs [4][49][50][51][52]. Policy constraints, such as slow implementation of anti-sex trafficking legislation and continued debate about making contraceptives Prostitutes Pimentel in the Philippines places FSWs at high risk for their not negotiating condom use.

Recommendations may receive opposition by non-supportive leaders in government and church leaders. Furthermore, interventions are needed to address the economic realities of women in the sex trade along with the urgent need for more substance use interventions and research in the Philippines.

Findings suggest that structural interventions at the policy and venue level should be integrated into interventions that build safer sex negotiation skills among sex workers.

Prostitutes Pimentel the experiments: LU. Prostitutes Pimentel the data: LU. Wrote the paper: LU. Browse Subject Areas? Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field.

Abstract Background Social and structural influences of condom negotiation among female sex workers FSWs remain understudied. Conclusions Factors in the physical, economic, and policy environments, over individual excepting substance use and social level factors, were significantly associated with these FSWs' condom negotiations in the Philippines.

Download: PPT. Data collection Non-government organization interviewers surveyed sex workers in private locations at the venue or SHC using structured questionnaires from April January Measures Prostitutes Pimentel surveyed participants on their sociodemographics, individual sexual risk and substance use behaviors, and experiences reflective of their Prostitutes Pimentel, social, economic, Prostitutes Pimentel policy risk environments.

Physical environment. Social environment. Economic environment. Policy environment. Outcome variable. Analyses Statistical analyses were conducted on FSWs who traded sex over the past six months, comparing those who Prostitutes Pimentel negotiated condom use with those who did not, using t-tests for continuous and Pearson's Chi-square for non-continuous variables. Results Sociodemographics As shown in Table 2median age and duration in sex work were Prostitutes Pimentel and 12 months, respectively.

Table 2. Table 3. Comparisons between FSWs who usually negotiated condom use vs. But we are willing to listen to the arguments. But to say offhand I am in favor of it, I am not. Koko Pimentel, for his part, believed decriminalizing prostitution in the country will not yield the same results as in other countries.

Ang tanong, is that the case in the Philippines? The Laotian police have arrest two persons in relation to the drug smuggling case.

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Micro-policy factors, also previously validated in the Philippines [20] , [21] included condom rule at the venue, workplace provision of condoms, frequency of HIV and STI tests, and how often entertainers carried a condom.

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First	City	State	Code	Prostitutes	Sex dating	Find a fuck
Prostitutes Pimentel	Pimentel	Lambayeque	PE	5719	no	yes
22.01.2007	66	no	FJEX	FJEX	64	FJEX
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Condom negotiations among female sex workers in the Philippines: environmental influences

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